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Ultrabroadband 90° Hybrids: Part 2 Performance

Parent Category: 2021 HFE

By Dr. John Howard and Steve Jalil

An extension of Tresselt’s(1) 90-degree hybrid theory introduces an improvement of bandwidth compared to the present theory. Using four weighting methods of Gibb’s phenomena reduction, low coupling ripples are achieved for a very wide bandwidth.  Performance of the 4 weighting functions are presented herein.

Tresselt has provided an equi-ripple, multi-octave 90-degree hybrid design capable of developing 90-degree hybrids exceeding 18:1 bandwidth with increased ripple.  Application of four weighting correction methods to the Gibb’s phenomena extends the bandwidth of the 90-degree hybrids up to 120:1 with reduced ripple.

Computational Results:

It was shown in part 1(4) that the Gibbs Phenomenon maybe reduced by the application of weighting functions to the conventional frequency response of a 90-degree hybrid coupler exhibiting a square band pass performance.

The performance of the corrected 90-degree hybrid coupler still exhibits the Gibbs phenomenon, but at a reduced acceptable level.  All other ripples of the 90-degree hybrid coupler are lower than the acceptable Gibbs phenomenon.

A 3dB 90-degree hybrid coupler is unrealizable due to the very high coupling impedance required at the center section of the 90-degree hybrid.  Therefore, two -8.343dB symmetrical couplers are connected in tandem to achieve the -3dB response required.

Tresselt shows that the inverse Fourier Transform of equation 1 is related to the even mode impedance of the hybrid coupler by

2021 07 Hybrid eq01

Where p(x) is the reflection coefficient distribution along the length of the hybrid coupler and u is defined in reference 1. Using the method provided by Tresselt and the weighting functions provided in part 1, the performance of the 90-degree hybrid coupler is shown in figures 1 to 4.

2021 07 Hybrid fg01

Fig. 1 • Theoretical performance of 90-degree hybrid showing the maximum value of the Gibbs Phenomenon employing Weighting function A.

 

2021 07 Hybrid fg02

Fig. 2  • Theoretical performance of 90-degree hybrid showing the maximum value of the Gibbs Phenomenon employing weighting function B.

2021 07 Hybrid fg03

Fig. 3 • Theoretical performance of 90-degree hybrid showing the maximum value of the Gibbs Phenomenon employing Weighting function C.

2021 07 Hybrid fg04

Fig. 4 • Theoretical performance of 90-degree hybrid showing the maximum value of the Gibbs Phenomenon employing Weighting function D.

2021 07 Hybrid eq02

Where u is related to the hybrid coupler bandwidth.

2021 07 Hybrid eq03

2021 07 Hybrid eq04

                        2021 07 Hybrid eq05

For completeness, Table 1 of Part 1 is repeated below.  Table 1 shows the bandwidth and ripple level for each one of the four weighting functions applied to reduce the Gibbs phenomenon in this paper.

2021 07 Hybrid tb01

Conclusion: An extension of Tresselt’s 90-degree hybrid theory is presented.  The reduction of coupling ripple vs bandwidth has been calculated.  It is shown that with a prescribed Gibbs phenomenon level, bandwidth can be substantially increased.

About the Authors

Dr. John Howard and Steve Jalil, Electromagnetic Technologies Industries, Incorporated, 50 Intervale Road, Boonton, NJ 07005, USA

References

1. Tresselt, C.P.: “The Design and Construction of Broadband, High Directivity, 90-Degree Couplers Using Nonuniform Line Techniques”, IEEE Trans. On Microwave Theory and Techniques, pp. 647–656, June 29, 1966.

2.  E. G. Cristal and L. Young, “Theory and tables of optimum symmetrical TEM-mode coupled-transmission line directional couplers,” IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-13, pp. 545–558, September 1965.

3. Howard, J., and Lin, W.C.: ‘Comments on ‘Design and analysis of a decade bandwidth 180° hybrid coupler’’, IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 12, pp. 999–1003.

4. Howard, J., and Jalil, S.: ‘Ultrabroadband 90° Hybrids: Part 1 Even-Mode Impedances”, 2020.

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